Borderline Personality Disorder ( Ptsd ) - 864 Words

Mental illnesses are a taboo to talk about, especially when it is one that is known for being missed diagnosed. Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is defined as â€Å"a serious mental illness marked by unable moods, behavior, and relationships† (MD p. 1). Most people have no idea what BPD is because only â€Å"about 1.6 percent of adults in the United States have borderline personality disorder in a given year† and it does not get the acknowledgement that it should, because of misdiagnosis (MD p. 1). Depression, anxiety disorder, eating disorders, substance abuse, and/or antisocial personality disorder are other illnesses that co-exist with BPD. With the overlapping of different illnesses it makes it difficult to get a proper diagnosis, which can make the situation worse for the person that is suffering. Different people that have this disorder have different experiences with it. Alice is a girl has both BPD and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). She made a blog t o tell about what it is like with BPD called â€Å"What having borderline personality disorder really means†. Since the disorder means different things to different people Alice defines BPD as â€Å"Having BPD means I struggle a lot with my own identity, with my unstable and often overflowing and ever-changing emotions, with relationships, with basic functioning, and very often with self-harm† (Alice paragraph 4). To help her with dealing with her disorder and getting back to normal she says â€Å"Part of what has helped me getShow MoreRelatedBorderline Personality Disorder ( Borderline )1361 Words   |  6 Pages Borderline Personality Disorder is named borderline personality disorder because at one point in history they considered this disorder to be on the â€Å"borderline† between neurosis and psychosis. Borderline personality disorder is a severe mental disorder that impacts an individual’s behavior, relationships, and mood. The disorder usually begins during adolescence or young adulthood. People with BPD have a tendency of rapid change in attitude or feelings toward others because they cannot regulateRead MoreDialectical Behavior Therapy As A Treatment For Borderline Personality Disorder1482 Words   |  6 PagesDialectical Behavior Therapy as a Treatment for Borderline Personality Disorder What is Borderline Personality Disorder? Personality disorders are characterized by the Diagnostic and Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders-5 (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013) as disorders where impulsivity is the main deficit and without treatment, it acquires new symptoms as time progresses. The four core features that are prevalent in all personality disorders include dysfunctional thinking, emotionRead MoreThe Effects Of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1855 Words   |  8 PagesPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is unquestionably a debilitating disorder as stated in the earlier part of the paper emphasizing that PTSD diagnosed individuals are at higher risk for violent behaviour, undoubtedly affecting relationships and society as a whole. Additionally important to PTSD and violence is the increased likelihood for suicidal behaviour (Dell’Osso et al., 2009; Marshall, 2001; Oquendo et al., 2005; Poindexter, 2015; Tarrier Picken, 2011). Suicidal behaviour can be definedRead M oreBorderline Personality Disorder ( Adhd )1659 Words   |  7 Pagesenigmatic condition. The term â€Å"Borderline,† coined by Adolph Stern in 1938 (Optimum Performance Institute), refers to the behavior exhibited by these patients who are on the borderline between neurosis and psychosis. The oscillating nature and unknown concrete cause of this disorder makes it difficult to treat. Due to this, Borderline Personality Disorder, or BPD, has become one of the most controversial disorders to work with in the psychiatric community. Often time Borderline patients are avoided entirelyRead MorePsychology Is The Study Of Human Behavior1447 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent types of psychology, both normal and abnormal as the overarching distinctions. There are also many disorders associated with abnormal behavior psychology such as schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, antisocial personality disorders, and borderline personality disorders. Of course, there are also many therapies from e ach respective perspective of psychology to treat these disorders as well. Normal psychology is the study of the behaviors that fit within the bounds of socially accepted normalitiesRead MoreDialectical Behavior Therapy And Mindfulness Essay1353 Words   |  6 Pagesanxiety and even cancer (M.Orsillo, 2010). Practicing mindfulness does not relate directly to any specific faith or religious beliefs. Mindfulness inside the practice of social work was implemented to help those with suicidal thoughts and borderline personality disorder. DBT teaches individuals the skill to not be judgmental. Being non-judgmental can be a difficult skill these days because we were raised or taught to have different thoughts and points of views (Brantley, 2007). Mindfulness is a practiceRead MoreBorderline Personality Disorder and Substance Abuse Essay1650 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper will examine the results of four studies: One is a prospective follow-up study, one is a prospective naturalistic study, one is a case control study and the last one is a randomized clinical trial. They are on borderline personality disorder and substance abuse articles by Walter et al. (2009), Zanarini et al. (2010), Gratz Tull, (2010), and by Linehan, Schmidt III, Dimeff, Craft, Kanter Comtois, (1999) respectively. The hypotheses, methods and results will be summarized. The futureRead MoreUnderstanding Emotional And Social Relationships Essay1196 Words   |  5 PagesExploring Psychological Research The studies that I chose to participate in where Emotions and Social Relationships, Psychotic-like Experiences in Borderline Personality Disorder and Exploring Personality, Violent Thoughts and Violent Behavior. Emotion Topic Area The study I chose for this category was Emotions and Social Relationships. I chose this study because there have been many times when my emotions have had an enormous impact on my social relationships. I also know there are people whoRead MorePsychological Disorders Essay543 Words   |  3 Pagesfrom normal behavior. These are known as psychological disorders. These disorders come in many forms but all will have large effects on a person’s life. One of the types of psychological disorders is anxiety disorders. These disorders are broken down into five categories: generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). All of these categories describe disorders in which a person displays extreme fear or nervousnessRead MoreThe Crucible, By Arthur Miller1790 Words   |  8 PagesWilliams is to blame, but not entirely, for successfully sentencing many to death because the town did not consider the possible environmental mental disorders, she shows symptoms of primarily, Borderline Personality Disorder, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, and Reactive Attachment Disorder. Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a mental disorder that is caused by a childhood traumatic event which leads to mental and behavioral instability. Abigail’s trauma roots in her â€Å"[seeing] Indians smash

Frederick Turner Jackson Frontier Thesis - 1136 Words

Benjamin Farhi 5/1/13 Band D East to West Frederick Turner Jackson, born in 1861, in Portage, Wisconsin, grew up in a time of severe social change, in a nation plagued with an identity crisis. Fascinated by the world around him, Turner chose to become a history professor, devoting his entire life to studying American culture/society while teaching at the University of Wisconsin and Harvard. Constantly having the opportunity to study and observe the development of the â€Å"American†, Turner wrote extensively, about which attributes composed and influenced American democracy, societal values, and image. He published an essay, â€Å"The Significance of the Frontier in American History† about these topics in 1893, and presented it at the Chicago†¦show more content†¦The chance at recreating your identity in the pursuit of longevity and financial security for the present and generations to come is what a Frontier consisted of in Turnerian terms. Correlated with Westward Expansion followed the advancement of democracy. The increase of West Coasters although on opposite sides of the Country led to a rise of patriotic sentiments according to Turner. As he says in, â€Å"The Significance of the Frontier in American History†, American democracy was born of no theorists dream†¦ It came out of the American forest, and it gained new strength each time it touched a new frontier. † Turner felt that the each newly empowered settler who discovered success on the West Coast was fulfilling the American Dream. And by doing so, each one of these citizens was helping progress American democracy, as a system that aided the people in creating a more perfect union, even in the shadow of significant social challenges. Turner’s emphasis on the Frontier shaping American character through adaptation had strong undercurrents of sectionalism. He wrote, â€Å"The Significance of the Frontier in American History,† in opposition to the Census Bureau’s report of 1890 and did not believe the federal government should dictate what was and was not a frontier. In the essay he says, â€Å"The frontier had no need for standing armies, established churches, aristocrats or nobles, nor forShow MoreRelatedFrederick Jackson Turner S Frontier Thesis1157 Words   |  5 PagesFrederick Jackson Turner`s Frontier Thesis Frederick Jackson Turner was one of the most important theorists, North American historian, and author of Frontier Thesis. The Frontier Thesis postulated the centrality of expansion of western frontiers in the formation of American nationality and political consolidation of democracy in this nation, leaving a factual political history and introducing an interpretation grounded in economic and social factors. According to Turner, until the end of the nineteenthRead MoreFrederick Jackson Turner s Frontier Thesis1752 Words   |  8 Pages4120 Dr. Dant Frederick Jackson Turner’s Frontier Thesis In 1893, at the 400th anniversary of the appearance of Columbus in the Americas celebrated in Chicago , Frederick Jackson Turner presented an academic paper entitled, â€Å"The Significance of the Frontier in American History† In this essay, Turner proposes that, â€Å"The existence of an area of free land, its continuous recession, and the advance of American settlement westward explain American development.† The group dynamic that Turner champions isRead MoreAnalysis Of Frederick Jackson s Turner Frontier Thesis929 Words   |  4 Pagestransform their lives. However, due to mass immigration many were forced to face injustices, overcrowding, as well as questioning their identity. Riis and Turner were both concerned with the influx of immigrants and how the increase of people affected the American land. In Frederick Jackson’s Turner frontier thesis, he describes how important the frontier is to the development of America and how it allowed many to obtain a new life. He describes how Americans have managed to transform the wilderness littleRead MoreEssay on Two Part of the United States Reconstruction Era590 Words   |  3 Pagestransformation of the Southern United States from 1863 to 1877 with the Congress directing the issue of reconstruction of state and society (â€Å"Reconstruction Era†). Frederick Jackson Turner argued that the frontier was the chief determinant in American history (â€Å"Frederick Jackson Turner†). Both the Reconstruction impact and Frederick Jackson Turner’s thesis play a role in the environment during the Economic Revolution. Reconstruction took placed in the South from 1865 to 1880. It impacted the United States’Read MoreThe Significance Of The Frontier By Frederick Jackson Turner869 Words   |  4 Pages Frederick Jackson Turner s â€Å"The Significance of the Frontier† is, in his eyes, an accurate depiction of America s development since the Colonial Period. However, Turner s Frontier Thesis fails to discuss the involvement of two very specific groups of people, groups that certainly had too much of an effect on the progression of the country for him to safely leave out. Native Americans have a pivotal role in America s history, yet Turner s mentions of them in his thesis are extremely limitedRead MoreThe Frontier Thesis3825 Words   |  16 PagesThe Frontier Thesis Introduction The emergence of western history as an important field of scholarship started with Frederick Jackson Turner’s (1861-1932) famous essay â€Å"The Significance of the Frontier in American history.†[1] This thesis shaped both popular and scholarly views of the West for the next two generations. In his thesis, Turner argued that the West had to be taken seriously. He felt that up to his time there had not been enough research of what he in his essay call â€Å"the fundamentalRead MoreAmerican Imperialism : A Part Of United States History1463 Words   |  6 Pagespeople s land. Authors like Frederick Jackson Turner, Alfred Thayer Mahan, Albert J. Beveridge, Mark Twain, and William James all distinctive perspectives on U.S expansion and imperialism at the turn of the 20th century. Frederick Jackson Turner was a young American historian. Turner s commitment to American history was to argue that the frontier past best explained the history of the United States. On 1893, he introduced his essay â€Å"The Significance of the Frontier in American History†, whose ideasRead MoreThe Frontier Of American History1116 Words   |  5 PagesIn the Significance of the Frontier in American History, Frederick Jackson Turner discusses the understanding of the West as a concept. Turner’s claims included that the expansion into the frontier fueled individualism, stimulated democracy and nationalism, and widened the opportunity of advancement. In the census of 1890, the frontier no longer had a place in the report because the previously unsettled areas had been broken into areas of settlement. Turner uses the definition of two people per squareRead MoreResponse to Turners Essay on The Significance of the Frontier in American History501 Words   |  3 PagesRespons e to Turners Essay on The Significance of the Frontier in American History Turners The Significance of the Frontier in American History essay presents the primary model for comprehending American history. Turner developed his notions on the uncovering of the 1890 census that the frontier was coming to an end, that the nation had occupied its continental borders. As Turner discusses in his essay, an extensive era of American development approached an ending, butRead MoreRediscovering The American Frontier Of The United States882 Words   |  4 PagesRediscovering the American Frontier Humans have always had a sense of curiosity for the unknown and a greedy fascination for individual growth without seeing the repercussions on others. The United States culminates these qualities not only as a first-world country but it can also be seen from the very beginnings of the nation’s history. The philosophies’ of early settlers in the United States was to have equality between the people, however Americans failed to incorporate this ideology of equality

Benefits of Your Suggestions Free Essays

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Internet Essay Example For Students

Internet Essay Emanuel HALAPCIUCRuxandra ICAInternet-ul si (r)evolutia comunicatiilorFac. Management, anul II, gr.126Cuprins: ? Internetul aparitie, scurt istoric? E-business, afacerea sec. 21? Nevoia de viteza si noile tehnologii de comunicatie? Mobilitate maxima: cu Internetul la plimbare? Tendinte pentru viitorul apropiat? Bibliografie Acum 4 decenii se lansa cu mare pompa primul satelit de comunicatii, Echo 1. La acea vreme, evenimentul capta atentia intregii lumi. Azi, lansarea unui satelit e ceva banal. Anul trecut, IRIDIUM (reteaua globala de telefonie mobila) declara ca mai are de lansat doar citiva sateliti, pentru a fi operationala in orice punct de la suprafata Terrei. Un exemplu sugestiv despre cum a evoluat societatea informationala Si totusi, lansarea lui Echo 1 este un eveniment exceptional. Pentru ca a deschis un nou univers: transmiterea aproape instantanee a informatiei din orice punct de pe glob, in orice punct de pe glob. Practic a redefinit conceptul de comunicatii. Si din 1960 incoace, acest concept se modifica de la o zi la alta. Ceeea ce ieri era idee revolutionara, miine va fi deja demodat. Permanent se impun noi standarde, in care cuvintele cheie sunt:mai rapid, mai eficient, mai ieftin. Si principalul respnsabil este INTERNET-ul. Internetul aparitie, scurt istoricEmbrionul Internetului se numeste ARPANET, si a aparut in 1969. A fost creat de ARPA(initialele vin de la Advanced Research Project Agency), faimosul proiect al Departamentului de Aparare al SUA. Scopul sau era pastrarea controlului asupra armelor atomice in cazul unui atac nuclear. ARPANET-ul a fost conceput initial ca o retea la nivel restrins, intre centrele de cercetare academice, industriale sau guvernamentale. Primele noduri ale retelei au fost Stanford Research Institute, Ucla, UC-Santa Barbara si Utah University. Oamenii de stiinta au realizat insa potentialul urias pe care-l avea acest sistem de transmitere a datelor in dezvoltarea industriei comunicatiilor. Intr-adevar, treizeci d e ani mai tirziu de la inventarea primei masini electronice de calcul, reteaua mondiala de calculatoare interconectate cuprindea deja peste o suta de mii de computere. Si numarul acestora creste zi de zi, intr-un ritm exponential. Pentru a se ajunge insa la asemenea performante, Internetul a suferit o serie de modificari, menite sa-l faca cit mai accesibil unui numar cit mai mare de utilizatori. Merita aici mentionata dezvoltarea primului program WWW(initialele de la worldwide web), in anul 1990, care stabilea o orientare grafica pentru retele. Un an mai tirziu, fisierele worlwide web devin accesibile pe Internet. Tot in 1990, apare primul sistem de cautare a fisierelor pe Internet, numit Archie. Odata cu aparitia www, asistam la un adevarat boom al Internetului. Noua interfata grafica permite practic oricui stie sa citeasca acces la un urias volum de informatie. Astfel ca, in 1992 numarul conectate la Internet depaseste un milion. De asemenea, pentru facilitarea manevrarii datelor, au aparut pe parcurs o serie de protocoluri si standarde de transmisie a datelor. Astfel, in 1971 se stabilesc standardele pentru doua tipuri de procese fundamentale: Telnet, pentru conectarea mai multor calculatoare la retea, si FTP(file transfer protocol), pentru transferul de fisiere intre calculatoare. In 1979, se infiinteaza Usenet, primul sistem de transmitere a informatiilor pe retea intre diferite grupuri de lucru. Nu in ultimul rind, trebuie mentionata suita de protocoale Transmission Control Protocol si Internet Protocol, cunoscuta azi ca standardul TCP/IP. Si zi de zi, apar noi si noi standarde, care fac din Internet un instrument mai atractiv si usor de utilizat. Practic asta a fost se cretul succesului. E-business, afacerea sec. 21Prima forma de comunicare pe Internet, intre 2 utilizatori, a fost e-mail-ul. Desi pentru multi pare o gaselnita recenta, e-mail-ul are venerabila virsta de 28 de ani. Fata de posta clasica, succesul e-mail-ului se datoreaza faptului ca nu trebuie sa te deplasezi pina la posta ca sa-l expediezi. Si ajunge aproape instantaneu la destinatie.posta electronica este astazi un mijloc zilnic de comunicare in afaceri, permitind ca datele si mesajele sa fie transmise instantaneu clientilor, furnizorilor etc. Insa asta a fost numai inceputul. Conceptul de e-business a redefinit modul de a face afaceri. Unul din pionierii e-biz-ului a fost Jeff Bezos. Fondatorul Amazon-ului, cel mai mare magazin on-line din lume, a profitat de faptul ca in anii 1992-94, Internetul cunostea un ritm de dezvoltare de circa 300% pe an. Initial deschis intr-un depozit, astazi Amazon.com este cunoscut oricarui aproape web-surfer. Secretul succesului? Faptul ca iti poti face cumparaturile de acasa, folosind cartea de credit, ca nu ai parte de vinzatori care sa te bata la cap, ca poti cumpara la orice ora din zi si din noapte, ca poti alege orice produs, mai ieftin ca la orice magazin sau supermarket. Pe cine n-ar tenta? Raspunsul ti-l poate da oricare din zecile de mii de oameni care cumpara zilnic de la Amazon. Astazi Bezos este unul dintre cei mai bogati oameni din lume. O performanta realizata in numai 4-5 ani. Si nu putini sunt cei care I-au urmat modelul. Astazi firme de renume ca Ford Motors, General Electr ic, Nike, si lista ar putea continua la nesfirsit, au magazine online. Rezultatele nu s-au lasat asteptate: crestei ale vinzarilor cu 20-30%. Mai mult, Ford si Toyota au promovat concepte de genulautomobilul in trei zile, prin care clientul primeste in cel mult 72 de ore masina pe care o doreste, de la dealer-ul cel mai apropiat. Pe deasupra, cu numai citeva click-uri de mouse, iti poti alege culoarea, echipamentele optionale, instalatia audio pe care o doresti etc. In prezent, un magazin online nu mai este un lux, e o necesitate. Concurenta e necrutatoare. Sintagma e-business or out of business e mai valabila ca oricind. Internetul este cu siguranta afacerea secolului 21. Furnizorii de servicii Internet inregistreaza cel mai mare suuces. AmericaOnLine, unul din primii ISP(Internet service provider), si cel mai mare ca numar de clienti, se situeaza astazi in topul firmelor americane. E de ajuns sa mentionam ca la inceputul acestui an, in luna februarie, AOL a preluat colosul mediati c TimeWarner, contra sumei de 195 miliarde USD. O firma infiintata de numai 5 ani a reusit sa preia un gigant ce dateaza din anul 1920. AOL este exemplul perfect pentru american dream: o firma infiintata intr-un garaj, de 2 tineri cu putini bani dar cu idei, reuseste sa atinga o cifra de afaceri anuala de cateva miliarde de dolari. Si am putea continua cu portalurile Yahoo, Altavista, Prodigy, Lycos etc. Firmele Internet-related fac legea pe pietele bursiere din intreaga lume. Anul acesta, scaderea pretului la actiunile Microsoft, cu 15,37 USD intr-o singura zi(30 martie 2000), a declansat un adevarat seism pe Nasdaq. Bursa nord-americana a inregistrat cea mai mare pierdere din istoria sa, de 349,15 puncte. O alta afacere de proportii ce are ca suport de desfasurare Internetul este e-banking-ul. De ce sa te mai duci pina la banca, sa stai la cozi interminabile si sa pierzi o groaza de timp pentru a depune sau retrage bani, cand o poti face comod, de acasa. Banca iti ofera la orice o ra din zi si din noapte situatia contului tau, iti poate sugera cele mai avantajoase posibiltitati de-a-ti plasa banii, sau ce suma maxima poti sa scoti din cont. Si asta pe gratis, si fara sa depinzi de amabilitatea unei casierite plictisite. Nimic mai simpluIn acelasi mod, poti fi un jucator redutabil la bursa fara sa fie nevoie sa iesi din casa. Poti cumpara sau vinde actiuni instalat comod in fotoliul tau de-acasa. Si pe orice piata bursiera din lume care permite tranzactii online. Si numarul celor care inca nu o fac este din ce in ce mai mic. Pentru ca oriunde e vorba de afaceri, Internetul face legea. Iti ofera viteza si mobilitate, restul depinde de tineNevoia de viteza si noile tehnologii de comunicatieUn element vital in modul in care va evolua afacerea ta online este aspectul magazinului tau. Pagina de web este vitrina magazinului, e cartea de vizita. Oricit ar fi de competitive ar fi produsele si/sau serviciile, nu le poti vinde daca nu exista clienti. Si singurul mod de a-ti atrage clientii este o interfata prietenoasa, atragatoare. Toate acestea inseamna insa sunete, animatii si alte aplicatii multimedia, ce au rolul de a atrage, de a face potentialul client sa-ti viziteze magazinul. Multimedia inseamna insa volum mare de informatie care trebuie sa se incarce la fiecare accesare a site-ului, ceea ce se traduce printr-un timp mare de asteptare. Apare astfel riscul ca potentialul cumparator sa se plictiseasca sa astepte, si sa incerce la alte magazine, care-I vor consuma mai putin timp si nervi. Dar daca scopul site-ului este tocmai promovarea de aplicatii multimedia, ca in cazul unei companii de film, care-ti prezinta tralier-e ale celor mai recente filme, sau al unei formatii muzicale, care, pentru a stirni interesul, in mod obligatoriu trebuie sa contina imagini si sunete? In plus, clientul tau trebuie sa vada ce cumpara. O fotografie a produsului pe care-l vinzi trebuie sa existe, chiar daca ea este de dimensiunea unui timbru. Cu prea putina inf ormatie, nu atragi clientii. Cu prea multa, ii alungi. O solutie ar fi atunci cresterea vitezei de transfer a informatiei. Viteza e cuvintul cheie in Internet. Internetul este eficient atita timp cit iti permite transfer al datelor la viteza mare, si cu distorsiuni cit mai mici. Altminteri cauti alte servicii, mai eficiente. De la lansarea lui Echo 1 in 1960, suprematia in comunicatii au detinut-o comunicatiile via satelit. Problema au constituit-o in schimb terminalele. Nu oricine isi permite o antena parabolica pentru emisia/receptia de la si inspre satelit. Problema s-a pus deci in sensul ca un grup cit mai mare de beneficiari sa aiba acces cit mai rapid la o singura antena. Si daca toata lumea este de acord ca cele mai eficienta cale de transmisie a datelor este transmisia prin satelit, problema vitezei apare la bucla finala, cum este denumita conexiunea de la centrala(ISP) la utilizatorul propriuzis. S-au dezvoltat in acest sens o serie de noi tehnologii. Unele au incercat sa i mbunatateasca reteaua deja existenta, altele au preferat orientarea spre modalitati noi de transmitere a datelor. Reteaua clasica o constituie chiar reteaua de telefonie fixa, care are avantajul unui cost redus de intretinere, in conditiile unei viteze rezonabile de transmisie. Sau asta cel putin pina acum citiva ani. Astazi modemul calsic nu mai satisface pretentiile din ce in ce mai mari ale consumatorilor de web. Prin constructie, linia telefonica nu suporta in mod normal mai mult de 56 kilobytes pe secunda. Insa si aceasta valoare este aproape imposibil de atins, datorita faptului ca pe o linie telefonica nu exista un singur utilizator, ci mai multi. O prima solutie, putin mai scumpa dar mai rapida a fost ISDN(integrated solutions for digital networking), care permite viteze de pina la 128 kb/sec. Serviciul combina serviciile de transmisie de voce si date prin aceeasi pereche de fire telefonice, astfel incit computerele se pot conecta direct la reteaua telefonica, fara a-si conv erti in prealabil semnalul in semnal audio analog. Aceasta integrare ofera o gama larga de posibilitati, care includ transmisii de voce, date, fax si switching. Cel mai important aspect pentru utilizatorii de ISDN este acela ca ofera o imbunatatire semnificativa a vitezei de acces, cu o crestere relativ minora de cost. In plus, pentru ca ISDN utilizeaza reteaua telefonica existenta, aceasta tehnologie este disponibila atit pentru firme, cit si pentru utilizatori individuali. Italian Renaissance Arts Affect On Persuasive EssayO alta tendinta in evolutia Internetului este mobilitatea maxima. Accesul la retea in orice punct de pe glob devine o necesitate pentru tot mai multi oameni. Internetul la purtator este un concept care reinventeaza telefonia celulara. Primii pasi in acest sens au fost laptop-urile, care impreuna cu un telefon mobil permiteau o conexiune Internet decenta. Un urmator pas a fost aparitia hand-heldurilor PDA (Personal Digital Assistants). Aceste dispozitive sunt un inlocuitor de succes al laptop-urilor si notebook-urilor, avind avantajul dimensiunilor mult mai reduse. Un PDA cu un minimodem incorporat si un telefon celular, iata primul model al Internetului de buzunar. Exista si PDA-uri mai avansate, care nu mai necesita nici macar telefonul mobil. Un exemplu in acest sens il constituie device-ul Palm VII, lansat cu un urias succes acum un an in SUA. Acesta dispune de un modem incorporat si un minibrowser care permit conectarea nonstop la Internet, contra unui abonament lunar (9 USD/luna). Din pacate, serviciul este disponibil numai pe continentul nord-american, extinderea lui la nivel global fiind considerata inca prea scumpa de catre Palm, compania care a lansat acest serviciu. O alternativa mai ieftina, care prinde din ce in ce mai mult teren, pare a ramine astfel reteaua de telefonie GSM. Ideea a fost implementarea browser-ului Internet direct in telefonul mobil. Se elimina astfel necesitatea laptop-ului sau a PDA-ului, ceea ce reduce costurile. Un browser este un client software proiectat sa permita accesul unui dispozitiv la servicii Internet, in combinatie cu un server de retea adecvat. Apare aici insa o problema. Popularele standarde de Internet HTML, HTTP, TLS si TCP sunt ineficiente si greoaie cind sunt folosite in retele mobile, intrucit presupun transmiterea unei mari cantitati de text. Continutul standard al unei pagini de Web HTML nu poate fi afisat eficient pe ecranele minuscule ale telefoanelor mobile sau pagerelor, iar navigarea intre mai multe ecrane este foarte dificila. HTTP si TCP nu sunt optimizate pentru intreruperile generate de iesirea unui utilizator de GSM din cimpul de acoperire sau pentru largimea de banda foarte limitata. Exista servicii fara fir care folosesc totusi protocoalele Internet clasice, insa aceste servicii sunt in general scumpe, lente si greu de folosit. Standardul de securitate TLS(Transport Layer Security) presupune un schimb intens de date intre client si server, ceea ce, in conditiile comunicatiilor mobile, se traduce printr-un raspuns foarte lent pentru utilizator. Solutia pentru toate aceste probleme este un nou protocol, de dicat comunicatiilor mobile: WAP(Wireless Application Protocol). Avantajul WAP este ca poate fi folosit in diverse tipuri de retele fara fir, si nu numai pentru GSM. Mai mult, include un mediu pentru aplicatii programate in WML(Wireless Markup Language), compatibil cu orice sistem de operare existent, de la Palm OS, la EPOC, Windows CE, FLEX- OS, OS/9, Java OS, etc. In termeni simpli, srandardul WAP este alcatuit din doua elemente: un mediu si un protocol de aplicatii. Mediul de aplicatii consta din WML, descris mai sus, si bazat pe XML(eXtended Markup Language) care permite programatorilor sa defineasca interfata cu utilizatorul independent de dispozititvul care o va afisa, si un limbaj de programare, WML-script, care permite inglobarea logicii executabile in aplicatiile proiectate. Modelul de protocol WAP este similar cu cel WWW. Acest lucru prezinta multe avantaje in comunitatea dezvoltatorilor de aplicatii, incluzind un model de programare si o arhitectura similare. Evident, pentru a se putea incadra in caracteristicile mediului wireless, WAP a trebuit sa fie modificat si adaptat. Intr-o retea tipica WAP, clientul comunica cu doua servere. Adresa de proxy translateaza apelul WAP in apel WWW, permitind astfel clientului sa trimita apelul la serverul web. Daca serverul raspunde direct cu o informatie de tip WAP(de exemplu in format WML), proxy-ul preia informatia direct de la server. Totusi, daca informatia este trimisa in continut WWW, (de exemplu in format HTML), atunci se va utiliza un filtru pentru a translata informatia in WML, sau in alt format recunoscut de WAP. Utilitarele de WAP sunt interactive si bazate pe un sistem de meniuri. Exista terminale care suporta grafica, icon-uri, seturi de fonturi, iar tendinta este de a asigura un ecran cit mai cuprinzator pentru telefonul celular WAP-ready. Telefoanele de ultima generatie pot fi programate manual, folosind meniul aparatului. In viitorul apropiat, acest proces va putea fi simplificat considerabil prin trimiterea unui mesaj SMS, iar setarile vor fi ajustate automat. In acest domeniu, virful de lance il reprezinta colosii telefoniei mobile clasice: Nokia, Motorola si Ericsson. Motorola a lansat recent modelul Timeport, care pe linga cardul SIM mai poate citi si cardul bancar. Avem astfel de-a face cu primul telefon WAP-able cu care putem face cumparaturi pe Internet. Ericsson a ajuns deja la al treilea produs de acest gen. Nokia a lansat deja o suita de aplicatii WAP proprii, care se bucura de un real succes: serviciul de cotatii online, serviciul de stiri realizat in colaborare cu CNN, etc. Tendinte pentru viitorul apropiatPentru urmatoarele luni, se prefigureaza o adevarata explozie a comunicatiilor fara fir. In intreaga lume, ritmul de crestere a numarului de utilizatori de telefonie mobila este, in medie, de circa 1000% pe an. Iar WAP se prefigureaza a fi noul standard in telefonia mobila. Iridium, reteaua globala de telefonie prin satelit, se extinde rapid. Chiar daca momentan tehnologia este mai scumpa decit GSM-ul uzual, avantajele sale sunt indiscutabile: viteza mare de transfer, acoperire la nivel planetar, suport pentru WAP. Iar costurile vor scadea odata cu cresterea numarului abonatilor. Integrarea comunicatiilor la nivel planetar prin Internet este cuvintul de ordine in ITC. Bibliografie:? business week? pc magazineReferinte:? www.ibm.com? www.motorola.com? www.orange.com? www.iridium.com? www.ericsson.com? www.nokia.com? www.3com.com? www.palm.com? www.cnn.com? www.ge.comBusiness